Calls are when you pay a amount of money called the option premiun to buy it and is a deal that says that you can buy the stock for a certain price called the strike price before a certain date called the expiration date. People do this when they think that stocks will go up. This allows you to buy a stock cheaper than it's price.
Puts are when you pay a amount of money called the option premiun to buy it and is a deal that says that you can sell a stock for a certain price called the strike price before a certain date called the expiration date. People do this when they think that stocks will go down. This allows you to sell a stock higher than it's value.
Short Stock is when you sell a borrowed stock. It's used like regular stocks, sell high buy low except over here your selling a borrowed stock. You borrow it from a broker like stock library.